When delegations packed up and left COP21 in Paris, in December 2015, the conference had decided to establish a task […]
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Category: Publications
“Zelenskyy’s change of approach towards Russia: From soft touch to firm hand”, Arkady Moshes and Ryhor Nizhnikau (FIIA, Finland)
Since his election as the President of Ukraine in 2019, Volodymyr Zelenskyy’s Russia policy has been driven by his campaign […]
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“The EU as a Soft Power Superpower: Why a Green Marshall Plan for the Sahel Is Imperative”, Friso Stevens and Dorith Kool (Egmont, Belgium)
This research paper argues that the European Union should roll out a European Green Marshall Plan for ecosystem restoration and […]
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“The EU Strategic Compass: A Blueprint for a European Defensive and Securitisation Policy”, Pol Bargués (IAI, Italy)
On 21 March 2022, the Council of the European Union released the Strategic Compass for Security and Defence. The document provides a […]
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“Beyond the Brussels Effect: Supporting the International Case for a Value-based Digital Market”, Susanna Sprague (Egmont, Belgium)
Building a strong European Single Market represents a major effort and challenge to the European Union. It must encompass and […]
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“Europe Day 2022: End of the Conference on the Future of Europe but the beginning of a Europe for all Europeans?”, Ward Den Dooven (Egmont, Belgium)
On Europe Day (May 9th), the final report of the Conference on the Future of Europe (CoFoE) was presented to […]
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“Beyond the “End of History”: Nationalism, Liberalism and the War in Ukraine”, Hadas Aron and Emily Holland (IAI, Italy)
The world is watching the alliance of liberalism and nationalism in Ukraine’s struggle for survival. These two ideas were the […]
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“European politics in times of crisis: Developments in Germany, France and Italy, and consequences for the EU”, Marco Siddi, Niklas Helwig and Tuomas Iso-Markku (FIIA, Finland)
The war in Ukraine and the long-term consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have put the spotlight on important political developments […]
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“The EU’s Engagement with Latin America: The Case of Colombia”, Marcello Di Filippo (IAI, Italy)
The European Union has employed a wide set of legal and policy tools in its well-established relations with Colombia, playing […]
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“Western financial warfare and Russia’s de-dollarization strategy: How sanctions on Russia might reshape the global financial system”, Maria Shagina (FIIA, Finland)
Since 2014, Russia’s de-dollarization plan has been guided by security and geopolitical considerations. By dumping the US dollar from its […]
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Video: “Are Boris Johnson & Brexit Finished?”, Brendan Donnelly and John Stevens (Federal Trust, United Kingdom)
Federal Trust Chairman Johns Stevens and Director Brendan Donnelly discuss Boris Johnson’s chances of survival as Prime Minister. They also consider […]
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“The World Climate and Security Report 2022: Decarbonized Defense – Combating Climate Change and Increasing Operational Effectiveness with Clean Military Power, The Need for Clean Military Power in the Age of Climate Change”, Louise van Schaik et al. (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
The paper warns that militaries must accelerate efforts toward net zero to achieve a win-win-win: minimize fossil fuel-related operational vulnerabilities, […]
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“Eastern Mediterranean Energy Resources between Energy Security and Energy Transition”, Pier Paolo Raimondi (IAI, Italy)
Since 2009, Eastern Mediterranean energy resources have attracted growing interests because of its vast energy reserves. These energy resources could […]
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“Southeast Asian democracy: Democratic regression or autocratic hardening?”, Bart Gaens and Olli Ruohomäki (FIIA, Finland)
In line with a global trend, Southeast Asia faces an overall decline in levels of democracy, raising the question of […]
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“Brexit can be undone: and so it should be”, Andrew Blick (Federal Trust, United Kingdom)
Acceptance is growing that Brexit is a source of considerable harm to the UK. Even among supporters of leaving who […]
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“European Council Conclusions: A Powerful Tool”, Jim Cloos (Egmont, Belgium)
Ever since its creation in 1974, the European Council has dominated the EU agenda, even though at first lacking any […]
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“Europe cannot wait for unity: Teaming up to improve EU foreign policy effectiveness and what the Netherlands could contribute to it”, Ties Dams, Giulia Cretti and Louise van Schaik (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
The EU is not always united and visible in foreign policy. This policy brief argues it could make more use […]
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“Why Ukraine and Russia Stopped Talking”, John Zachau (UI, Sweden)
On 28 May, Chancellor of Germany Olaf Scholz and President of France Emmanuel Macron urged Russia’s President Vladimir Putin to […]
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“Fighting Environmental Crime in Europe: An Assessment of Trends, Players and Action”, Lorenzo Colantoni, Giulia Sofia Sarno and Margherita Bianchi (IAI, Italy)
The report provides a comprehensive assessment of environmental crimes in the EU-27, from multiple perspectives: types of crimes, trends and […]
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“Understanding non-state armed groups: Forces for good, evil or something in-between?”, Katariina Mustasilta, Olli Ruohomäki and Mathilda Salo (FIIA, Finland)
Non-state armed groups (NSAGs) are standard yet versatile protagonists in today’s armed conflicts. Struggling to deal with NSAGs, the dominant […]
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Video: “Video: Brexit undermines the rule of law in the UK”, Brendan Donnelly (Federal Trust, United Kingdom)
Federal Trust Director Brendan Donnelly discusses the British government’s attempt to rewrite the Northern Ireland Protocol; its attempt to deport asylum-seekers to […]
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“How the War in Ukraine Shapes the Multipolar World”, Sven Biscop (Egmont, Belgium)
Had China backed Russia like the EU and the US back Ukraine, that would have been a tipping point for […]
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“Russia’s growing presence in Africa and its implication for EU policy”, Guido Lanfranchi and Kars de Bruijne (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
The growth of Russia’s presence across Africa over the last decade has generated significant international concern, further exacerbated after Moscow’s […]
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“The US–Italy Economic Relations in a Divided World”, Adriana Castagnoli (IAI, Italy)
In 2021, bilateral trade returned to the sustained pace it had prior to the Covid pandemic. Direct investment also grew […]
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“Norway’s Foreign and Security Policy: A Challenging Mix of Realism and Idealism”, Ann-Marie Ekengren (UI, Sweden)
Increasing tensions between major powers and even war in Europe are setting the tone for the 2020s. A stable European […]
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“An Overview of the Current State of US-Italian Political-Security Relations”, Dario Cristiani (IAI, Italy)
The relationship between the United States and Italy has historically been strong, although there have been moments of misunderstanding and […]
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“What the Zeitgeist can Tell us About the Future of Terrorism”, Rik Coolsaet and Thomas Renard (Egmont, Belgium)
In the United States and across Europe, there is a broad recognition that right-wing extremism has become either the main […]
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“Russian Youth: Their Attitude to the Ruling Elite and Political Processes”, Denis Volkov (IAI, Italy)
Young Russians are different from older generations. They are confident Internet users and thus have access to independent media and […]
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“Digital technologies shaping the nature and routine intensity of shopfloor work”, Andrea Szalavetz (IWE CERS, Hungary)
Drawing on data from Hungarian manufacturing companies, this paper aims to explore the ways in which digital technologies affect the […]
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“Climate Change and Security in the Mediterranean: Exploring the Nexus, Unpacking International Policy Responses”, Andrea Dessì and Flavia Fusco (IAI, Italy)
This volume examines the multidimensional relationship between climate change and security across Mediterranean Basin states and societies, underscoring the key […]
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“Reforming the EU’s electoral law: More EU democracy”, Manuel Müller (IEP, Germany)
On 3 May 2022, in a bid to harmonise European elections, the European Parliament agreed on a comprehensive revision of […]
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“Not Yet Time for Diplomacy: Lessons from Italy’s Ill-Conceived Peace Plan for Ukraine”, Riccardo Alcaro and Nona Mikhelidze (IAI, Italy)
Few may have noticed, but Italy recently advanced its own diplomatic proposal for a resolution of the war in Ukraine. […]
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“Lessons from the proposed contours of a Russia-Ukraine peace agreement: A way for China and Taiwan to coexist?”, Jyrki Kallio and Mikael Mattlin (FIIA, Finland)
If China’s security concerns with regard to the growing US presence in its neighbourhood are not taken seriously, it could […]
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“Why Ukraine (and Moldova) Must Become EU Candidates”, Nathalie Tocci (IAI, Italy)
In the fourth month of war, European support for Ukraine risks sagging. This includes dropping the ball on Ukraine’s EU […]
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“Celebrating Europe Day”, Jaap Hoeksma (The Federal Trust, United Kingdom)
Against all odds, the Conference on the Future of Europe has shown that it is quite possible for the EU […]
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“Summary of Party Positions on EU Foreign, Security and Defence Policy”, Leonardo Puleo (IAI, Italy)
This study explores political parties’ salience and position on foreign policy issues in France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Poland and Spain […]
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“Turkish Foreign Policy and the EU: An Everlasting Candidate Between Delusion and Realities”, Jean-François Drevet (Egmont, Belgium)
The relationship between Turkey and the European Union has never been easy. It is now affected by the activism of […]
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“Reconciling EU Energy Security with Climate Policies: Rethinking European Gas Markets”, Pier Paolo Raimondi and Margherita Bianchi (IAI, Italy)
In response to Putin’s invasion of Ukraine and the global energy crisis that worsened in its wake, the EU has […]
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“The EU’s digital connectivity agenda in Southeast Asia and the benefits of coordination with Japan”, Maaike Okano-Heijmans (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
This policy brief develops the argument for strengthening cooperation between the EU and Southeast Asia in the field of digital […]
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“Legislation as a Tool for Expanding the Power of the State and Limiting Political and Civil Rights in Modern Russia”, Olga Romanova (IAI, Italy)
The whole world is now witnessing what Russian lawmaking of previous years has led to. The aggression against Ukraine is […]
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“Examination of Afghanistan’s Development Traps”, Klemen Knez and Tina G. Lokar (CIR, Slovenia)
In the paper published in the Regional Science Policy and Practice journal, the authors examine the factors behind Afghanistan’s persistent […]
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“Italy and the Nuclear Ban Treaty: A Hesitant Opening?”, Ludovica Castelli (IAI, Italy)
Together with other four NATO members, Italy has hosted US nuclear weapons on its territory since the late 1950s. Moreover, Italy […]
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Online Event: “EU-Russia Relations and the War in Ukraine: from a Portuguese Perspective”, June 30
The aggressive invasion of Ukraine by Russian troops in February 2022 marks a new low in the already-tense relationship between […]
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“Energy Transitions and Environmental Geopolitics in the Southern Mediterranean”, Emel Akçalı, Evrim Görmüş and Soli Özel (IAI, Italy)
Climate change and environmental degradation pose existential threats to Mediterranean Basin states and the region’s vast species and ecosystem diversity. […]
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“Russia’s Dictated Non-Peace for Ukraine in 2014-2022”, Andreas Umland and Hugo von Essen (UI, Sweden)
Before 24 February 2022, the Russian-Ukrainian agreements signed in the capital of Belarus in 2014–2015 were seen by many observers […]
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“Ukraine 2021-2022: Modest Results, Immense Challenges”, Yuri Yakymenko et al. (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
For Ukraine, 2021 was marked by two main stress factors — the COVID-19 pandemic and Russian armed aggression. But if […]
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“Preventing the Critical Minerals Crisis”, Tobias Gehrke and Mart Smekens (Egmont, Belgium)
From fighting climate change to limiting dependencies on systemic rivals – radically shifting towards a green economy has become a […]
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“Ukraine’s ‘Iron General’ Is a Hero, but He’s No Star”, Oleksiy Melnyk (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
Meet Valeriy Zaluzhnyy, the commander in chief of the Ukrainian Armed Forces, who’s quietly leading the fight against Russia’s invaders. […]
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“EU Open Strategic Autonomy and the Trappings of Geoeconomics”, Tobias Gehrke (Egmont, Belgium)
The EU’s new trade strategy promises to advance open strategic autonomy that is to balance the benefits of economic interdependence […]
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“The Tectonic Shift of EU Energy Policy”, Volodymyr Omelchenko (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
It is well known that German Chancellor Willy Brandt initiated a European policy of deepening energy ties with Moscow 50 […]
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“The War in Ukraine and Studying the EU as a Security Actor”, Hylke Dijkstra (IAI, Italy)
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has resulted in the most serious conflict on the European continent since the Balkan wars […]
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“From “Peacekept” to Peacekeeper: Seeking International Status by Narrating New Identities”, Nina Wilén (Egmont, Belgium)
This article examines how post-conflict states attempt to increase international status by transforming their identities from “peacekept” to “peacekeepers.” It […]
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“The Psychology of a Warrior and the Psychology of a Murderer”, Mykhailo Mischenko (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
It is believed that during the war there are different moral rules than in peacetime, especially for combatants. After all, […]
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“A Scramble for Gas: Qatari LNG and EU Diversification Plans”, Pier Paolo Raimondi (IAI, Italy)
Amidst a worsening geopolitical and energy crisis in Europe, the EU is scrambling to increase liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports […]
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“The Unprofessional Russian Soldier”, Joris Van Bladel (Egmont, Belgium)
Stuck in the middle between past and future, the Russian army struggles with a manpower paradox as it is simultaneously […]
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“Among people: how much will the migration crisis cost the EU?”, Kateryna Markevych (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
In March, Poland received 2.3 million migrants from Ukraine, who were looking for temporary shelter. According to the Deputy Prime […]
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“An International Peacekeeper: The Evolution of Italian Foreign and Defence Policy”, Fabrizio Coticchia and Andrea Ruggeri (IAI, Italy)
After the Cold War, Italy started to act as an international peacekeeper, deploying troops in dozens of military operations, mainly […]
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“The Russian Soldiers’ Question Revisited”, Joris Van Bladel (Egmont, Belgium)
The Russian authorities apply an “algorithm of lies”, the Russian armed forces have become a sealed organization, and tactical information […]
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“Three-Dimensionality as the Benefit?”, Vasyl Yurchyshyn (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
An important characteristic of the modern world order is that the United States and China, as the countries with the […]
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“The Weaponisation of Finance and the Risk of Global Economic Fragmentation”, Nicola Bilotta (IAI, Italy)
The decision by the US and Europe to disconnect select Russian banks from the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication […]
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“The Intervention Question: Lessons to Learn from Europe’s Military Presence in the Sahel”, Nina Wilén (Egmont, Belgium)
The Takuba Task Force, set up in March 2020, is a coalition of European special forces units with the aim […]
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“What Is the Forecast of the Economy of Ukraine?”, Vasyl Yurchyshyn (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
It might seem inappropriate to speak about economic forecasts, even about short-term ones, in conditions when the opposition to Russian […]
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“How Italians View Military Spending”, Pierangelo Isernia, Rossella Borri and Sergio Martini (IAI, Italy)
On 16 March, a sweeping majority in the Italian Chamber of Deputies approved order 9/3491-A/35 committing the Italian government to raise the […]
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“War Aims”, Sven Biscop (Egmont, Belgium)
Faced with the brutality of Russia’s war, the emotional urge to do more to help Ukraine is fully understandable. But […]
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“Ukrainian Contribution to the Global World Order”, Vasyl Yurchyshyn (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
The fight of Ukraine against Russian aggression has reflected the peculiarities and contradictions of global integration processes. It has encouraged and […]
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“Hungary: remaining ‘objective’”, Ágnes Szunomár (IWE CERS, Hungary)
The Hungarian government has been following a pro-China policy since 2010. As a result the Chinese-Hungarian relations are exceptionally good. […]
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“Maritime Scenario in the Mediterranean: Analysis of the Competitiveness and Investments of the Major Logistics Players”, Massimo Deandreis, Alessandro Panaro and Olimpia Ferrara (IAI, Italy)
The recent dynamics that are currently shaping the logistic-maritime economy, from reshoring/nearshoring to the growing role of technologies partly owing […]
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“Reserved Seats and Cooptation in Burundi (2000–2020)”, Stef Vandeginste (Egmont, Belgium)
Using a lifecycle perspective, this paper analyzes the use of reserved seats and the evolution of cooptation norms and practices […]
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“Working on Coronavirus Mistakes?”, Vasyl Yurchyshyn (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
The coronavirus, which Ukraine has been opposed to for the past two years, has begun to seem like an echo […]
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“For Taiwan, China-friendly Hungary remains a key EU investment destination”, Ágnes Szunomár (IWE CERS, Hungary)
At the end of last year, the European Economic and Trade Office in Taiwan published its EU-Taiwan Relations brochure for the year […]
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“A Congested Space and its Safety: The Importance of Space Traffic Management”, Giancarlo La Rocca, Karolina Muti and Alessandro Marrone (IAI, Italy)
A main goal of Spaceways will be to characterise and understand the context of Space Traffic Management (STM), especially its […]
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“What Are the International Military Options for the Sahel?”, Nina Wilén and Paul D. Williams (Egmont, Belgium)
For the last decade, a unique ecosystem of external forces has deployed over 21,000 uniformed personnel across the Sahel to […]
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“The Foreign Policy of the European Union”, Stephan Keukeleire and Tom Delreux (College of Europe, Bruges)
Eight years after the 2nd edition, the fully revised third edition was published of the acclaimed ‘The Foreign Policy of […]
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“Becoming global climate governors: How cities are moving from climate ambition to coordinated action and delivery”, Hannah Abdullah (CIDOB, Barcelona)
Over the past decade, global policy discourses have increasingly recognised city-level action as vital to keeping the 1.5°C goal of […]
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“Sweden’s Foreign and Security Policy in a Time of Flux”, Douglas Brommesson, Ann-Marie Ekengren and Anna Michalski (UI, Sweden)
This policy brief looks at key Swedish foreign and security policy priorities in the Nordic, Europe and across the Atlantic, […]
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“Facing Terrorism in France”, Florence Faucher and Gérôme Truc (Sciences Po CEE, France)
Provides food for thoughts for all those interested in the evolution of French society. Offers an original and self-contained analysis […]
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“Some Thoughts on the ‘Marshall Plan’ for Ukraine”, Vasyl Yurchyshyn (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
Quite rightly, when it comes to the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine, it is emphasised that such a restoration should take […]
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“Climate, Peace and Security: Sudan”, Andrew E. Yaw Tchie et al. (NUPI, Norway)
Sudan is severely exposed to climate change. As one of the world’s least developed countries, extreme weather, recurrent floods and […]
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“The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on gender-based-violence in Central Asia”, Laura Worsch (IEP, Germany)
Governments in Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, including law enforcement and justice systems, continue to view and treat gender-based violence (GBV) largely […]
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“The EU’s Diplomatic Engagement in the Sahel”, Bernardo Venturi (IAI, Italy)
What does it mean in practice for the European Union that the Sahel is a priority? Which political and operational […]
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“The World Order Holds – For Now”, Sven Biscop (Egmont, Belgium)
Does the Russian invasion of Ukraine herald the end of the world order? The same was said in 2008, when […]
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“Media Literacy Promotion in Moldova: Europeanisation Through Interactions Between Domestic Civil Society, International Civil Society Actors and International Funders”, Juuso Järviniemi (College of Europe, Bruges)
Media literacy promotion fosters the quality of public discourse and, thereby, democracy. For instance, media literate citizens are more resilient […]
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“Political ecology and human rights in Latin America: one planet, various disputes”, Sandra Hincapié (CIDOB, Barcelona)
The established global patterns of appropriating and distributing natural resources are called into question by the current international context of […]
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“Denmark’s Foreign and Security Policy: Perfecting the Balance Between an Atlantic, Nordic, and European Outlook”, Anna Michalski (UI, Sweden)
This policy brief reviews the ongoing shift in Denmark’s foreign and security policy in the light of the geopolitical turn […]
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“How to get out of violence? Challenges and limits of transitional justice”, Sandrine Lefranc (Sciences Po CEE, France)
Transitional justice refers to the art of pacifying societies in the aftermath of violent periods – be it dictatorship, civil […]
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“Migration and pandemics: space of solidarity and space of exception”, Anna Triandafyllidou (RSCAS-EUI, Italy)
This open access book discusses the socio-political context of the COVID-19 crisis and questions the management of the pandemic emergency […]
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“Europe Must Play Its Key Role in Starving the Russian War Machine”, Kateryna Markevych (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
On February 24, Russia unleashed the war aimed at the total annihilation of the Ukrainians. Every passing day brings artillery […]
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“The Russia-Ukraine Crisis and Japan’s Energy Dilemma”, Wrenn Yennie Lindgren (NUPI, Norway)
The war in Ukraine is a game changer not only disrupting financial markets and human migration patterns but also the […]
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“Personal comments on the parliamentary elections in Hungary on April 3rd, 2022: The Consequences of Decade-long Systemic Trap”, Andras Inotai (IWE CERS, Hungary)
As confirmed by official sources, the parliamentary elections in Hungary resulted in a two-third majority of the ruling coalition since […]
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“Breaking double standards in the EU’s migration policy”, Vittoria Meissner (IEP, Germany)
Asylum as an international obligation is a fundamental value to which the Member States of the European Union have committed […]
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“The Sporting Sanctions against Russia: Debunking the Myth of Sport’s Neutrality”, Leo Goretti (IAI, Italy)
In response to Russia’s aggression against Ukraine, the International Olympic Committee and international sports federations took a number of exceptional […]
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“Tanks versus Banks: Russian Military versus EU Geoeconomic Power”, Sven Biscop, Tobias Gehrke and Bernard Siman (Egmont, Belgium)
War is an instrument of policy. Those who lose sight of the policy objectives, or keep shifting them, rarely do […]
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“Geopolitics of the energy transition: Energy security, new dependencies and critical raw materials. Old wine in new bottles for the EU?”, Álvaro Rangel Hernández (College of Europe, Bruges)
This paper examines the process of the European Union’s energy transition. Although the energy transition would bring winners and losers, […]
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“The European benchmark for refugee integration: A comparative analysis of the National Integration Evaluation Mechanism in 14 EU countries”, Alexander Wolffhardt, Carmine Conte and Sinem Yilmaz (CIDOB, Barcelona)
The third NIEM European report compares developments in 14 countries in the 2019 to 2021 period and highlights key overall […]
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“Finland’s Foreign and Security Policy: From Bridge-Building to the Core of the West”, Douglas Brommesson (UI, Sweden)
This UI Brief analyses central themes in Finnish foreign and security policy, playing out in the Arctic, Nordics, in Europe […]
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“The Rassemblement National and COVID-19: How Nativism, Authoritarianism and Expert Populism Did Not Pay Off during the Pandemic”, Caterina Froio (Sciences Po CEE, France)
The article examines the response of the French National Rally (Rassemblement National – RN) to COVID-19. It combines computer-based and […]
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“The practice of judicial interaction in the field of fundamental rights”, Federica Casarosa and Madalina Bianca Moraru (RSCAS-EUI, Italy)
This insightful and timely book provides a comparative assessment of selected legal issues emerging from the EU legal context which […]
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“The Fear of Victory”, James Sherr (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
Spurred on by the atrocities in Bucha, NATO allies have begun to shift from crisis management to a focus on […]
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“More bark than bite? Assessing China’s coercive measures in Scandinavia”, Andreas Bøje Forsby and Bjørnar Sverdrup-Thygeson (NUPI, Norway)
Amid growing concern about Chinese coercion, this article examines the extent to which Beijing has resorted to such measures in […]
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“Réunion? The relocation tendencies of the global supply chain of fashion towards Central-Eastern Europe”, Emese Dobos (IWE CERS, Hungary)
Central-Eastern European (CEE) fashion production companies play an often ’invisible’ but important role in the global supply chain of the […]
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