The invasion of Ukraine by the Russian army in February 2022 has, in the opinion of many, ushered in a […]
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Category: Climate & Energy
“Fair Energy Transition for All: Final Recommendations”, Louise van Schaik eet al. (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
Over the past year, the Clingendael Institute and Bureau Berenschot have participated in the Fair Energy Transition for All (FETA) […]
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“Assessing the European Union’s REPowerEU plan: Energy transition meets geopolitics”, Marco Siddi (FIIA, Finland)
The European Union (EU) has been facing an energy crisis since the autumn of 2021, which has been exacerbated by […]
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“In the climatic interregnum: Arenas of a policy, of the Earth. The Great Continent. Interregnum policies. China, pandemic, climate”, Pierre Charbonnier (Sciences Po, France)
There is nothing after pandemic chaos. However, behind the monstrous images that parade on our screens, beyond the controversies that […]
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“Powering Change. Italian and EU Energy Transition in Times of War”, Giulia Sofia Sarno and Alberto Rizzi (IAI, Italy)
The war in Ukraine has severely affected the Italian – and the wider European – energy ecosystem, forcing Rome (and […]
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“Regulation of the fashion supply chains and the sustainability–growth balance”, Emese Dobos and Andrea Éltető (IWE CERS, Hungary)
Purpose: The sustainability of global production chains is at the centre of discussion in the past few years. One of […]
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“Excellence in Polar Research. How science is putting Belgium more firmly on the map in the Arctic”, Karen van Loon (Egmont, Belgium)
The polar regions are among the places warming the fastest, regionally even seven times faster than the global average. Changes […]
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“Capping the European price of gas”, Ilaria Conti and Alberto Pototchnig (RSCAS-EUI, Italy)
This policy brief proposes a strategy for implementing a cap on the price of gas in the European Union. Read more here.
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“A German Economist and an Italian Political Scientist Debate Europe’s Energy Crisis”, Daniel Gros and Nathalie Tocci (IAI, Italy)
Italy, alongside other fourteen member states, strongly supports a European cap on gas prices. Today, such prices are often set […]
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“To what extent has the EU Green Deal changed EU energy policies? A Punctuated Equilibrium Theory analysis of the Renewable Energy Directive Revision”, Thibault Besnier (College of Europe, Bruges)
The European Green Deal is supposed to be a game-changer for the Union and in particular its energy policies. The […]
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“Environmental colonialism in the Maghreb? Harnessing green energy on indigenous peoples’ land”, Leonora Haag (UI, Sweden)
The EU has been investing increasing amounts in North Africa’s renewable energy sector over the past decade in order to […]
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“The Eastern Mediterranean Energy Bonanza: A Piece in the Regional and Global Geopolitical Puzzle, and the Role of the European Union”, Emile Badarin and Tobias Schumacher (College of Europe, Natolin)
This article examines current energy-related disputes in the Eastern Mediterranean. It does so by situating them in the context of […]
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“Natural Gas in Italy: Features and Perspectives in Light of Russia’s War in Ukraine”, Pier Paolo Raimondi (IAI, Italy)
Italy is one of the largest gas consumers in the European Union. Today, natural gas faces uncertainty on both the […]
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“Energy security in the Baltic Sea Region: Transition Within Geopolitical Constraints”, Veronika Slakaityte, Izabela Surwillo & Trine Villumsen Berling (DIIS, Denmark)
The Russian attack on Ukraine in February 2022 shook continental geopolitics and led to a major shift in EU energy […]
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“Energy Unity or Breakup? The EU at a Crossroad”, Pier Paolo Raimondi and Margherita Bianchi (IAI, Italy)
The European Union is once again at crossroads. Russia’s war on Ukraine and the energy crisis that ensured in its […]
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“Europe’s Energy and Resource Challenge. The Arctic Is Part of the Solution.”, Marie-Anne Coninsx and Karen van Loon (Egmont, Belgium)
The EU’s increased climate ambitions require unprecedented growth in renewable energy and a diversified supply of critical raw materials. Building […]
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“The European Union’s CBAM as a de facto Climate Club: The Governance Challenges”, Kacper Szulecki, Indra Overland and Ida Dokk Smith (NUPI, Norway)
The European Commission has announced far-reaching reforms to accelerate the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Among the proposals constituting the […]
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“Greening global trade: Enhanced synergies between climate and trade policies for decarbonization”, Giulia Cretti (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
Giulia Cretti contributed to this policy brief on carbon pricing and green trade policies for decarbonization for the Think20 ahead of the G20 […]
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“Re-securitizing climate: From ‘climate security’ to ‘ecology of peace’?”, Emma Hakala and Vadim Kononenko (FIIA, Finland)
One implication of the war in Ukraine is that collective solutions to climate security will be ever more difficult to […]
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“Russia’s Climate Action and Geopolitics of Energy Transition: The Uncertain and Unsettling Outlook following Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine”, Kamila Godzinska and Maria Pastukhova (IAI, Italy)
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has profoundly altered the outlook for Russia’s energy transition and created uncertainties on the global path […]
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“Water governance in Iraq: Enabling a gamechanger”, Tobias von Lossow (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
Iraq finds itself amid a water crisis that far exceeds previous experiences with water scarcity and acute shortages. Declining quantity […]
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“How to design EU-level contingency plans for gas shortages? Evidence from behavioural economics, policy research and past experience”, Kacper Szulecki (NUPI, Norway)
In this policy report, we lay out suggestions for the European Union to prepare for possible cuts in gas supply […]
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“Local Initiatives: Factors in and Lessons for Sustainable Development”, Hanna Leonardsson and Jean-Bosco Habyariama (UI, Sweden)
This paper reviews scholarly literature on local initiatives for sustainable development, exploring how such initiatives succeed and become part of […]
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“The Geopolitics of Clean Hydrogen: Opportunities and Challenges for Italy”, Marco Giuli (IAI, Italy)
The emergence of clean hydrogen as an energy carrier promises to shape the future geography of the energy trade. Under […]
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“A Temporary Gas Savings Subsidy as an Emergency Tool to Reduce Gas Consumption and Emissions”, Daniel Gros (RSCAS-EUI, Italy)
“A key problem for European policy makers today is how to reduce Europe’s dependency on gas imports from Russia. This […]
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“The Wholesale Electricity Market in Wartime”, Svitlana Chekunova (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
The unjustified Russian invasion of Ukraine has had a severe impact on the wholesale electricity market. Since the beginning of […]
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“As North African energy links are redrawn, Italy becomes Europe’s southern gas hub”, Francis Ghilès (CIDOB, Barcelona)
The war that began in Ukraine in February 2022 is reshaping international relations – in some sectors faster than others. […]
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“Global Trends of Green Investment”, Kateryna Markevych (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
Environmental threats related to global climate change and environmental degradation have been at the forefront of global development risks in […]
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“An overview of strategies for social-ecological transformation in the field of transportation”, John Szabo, Thomas SJ Smith and Leon Leuser (IWE CERS, Hungary)
A destructive and wasteful transportation model has developed across the Global North and further afield over the last 150 years, […]
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“When International Disasters Affect Technology Transfer: Where is International Law?”, Federica Cristiani (IIR, Czech Republic)
Natural disasters may have devastating impacts on human life, the economy, and environment of the affected states. This article focuses […]
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“Sense and Nonsense behind Energy Price Caps”, Daniel Gros and Nathalie Tocci (IAI, Italy)
In official circles at the highest level, from the G7 to the European Council, a tense debate is taking place […]
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“Relations on thin ice: a narrative analysis of Chinese governance in the Arctic”, Erin Marie Parsons (CIDOB, Barcelona)
In a fractured governance architecture, the Arctic region is increasingly faced with complex challenges like climate change, indigenous rights and […]
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“Green Deal Watch No. 7”, Margherita Bianchi and Lorenzo Colantoni (IAI, Italy)
This Green Deal Watch presents a general analytical foreword, followed by the in-depth monitoring of Green Deal activities, divided according […]
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“The World Climate and Security Report 2022: Decarbonized Defense – Combating Climate Change and Increasing Operational Effectiveness with Clean Military Power, The Need for Clean Military Power in the Age of Climate Change”, Louise van Schaik et al. (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
The paper warns that militaries must accelerate efforts toward net zero to achieve a win-win-win: minimize fossil fuel-related operational vulnerabilities, […]
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“Eastern Mediterranean Energy Resources between Energy Security and Energy Transition”, Pier Paolo Raimondi (IAI, Italy)
Since 2009, Eastern Mediterranean energy resources have attracted growing interests because of its vast energy reserves. These energy resources could […]
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“Fighting Environmental Crime in Europe: An Assessment of Trends, Players and Action”, Lorenzo Colantoni, Giulia Sofia Sarno and Margherita Bianchi (IAI, Italy)
The report provides a comprehensive assessment of environmental crimes in the EU-27, from multiple perspectives: types of crimes, trends and […]
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“Climate Change and Security in the Mediterranean: Exploring the Nexus, Unpacking International Policy Responses”, Andrea Dessì and Flavia Fusco (IAI, Italy)
This volume examines the multidimensional relationship between climate change and security across Mediterranean Basin states and societies, underscoring the key […]
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“Reconciling EU Energy Security with Climate Policies: Rethinking European Gas Markets”, Pier Paolo Raimondi and Margherita Bianchi (IAI, Italy)
In response to Putin’s invasion of Ukraine and the global energy crisis that worsened in its wake, the EU has […]
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“Italy and the Nuclear Ban Treaty: A Hesitant Opening?”, Ludovica Castelli (IAI, Italy)
Together with other four NATO members, Italy has hosted US nuclear weapons on its territory since the late 1950s. Moreover, Italy […]
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“Energy Transitions and Environmental Geopolitics in the Southern Mediterranean”, Emel Akçalı, Evrim Görmüş and Soli Özel (IAI, Italy)
Climate change and environmental degradation pose existential threats to Mediterranean Basin states and the region’s vast species and ecosystem diversity. […]
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“Preventing the Critical Minerals Crisis”, Tobias Gehrke and Mart Smekens (Egmont, Belgium)
From fighting climate change to limiting dependencies on systemic rivals – radically shifting towards a green economy has become a […]
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“The Tectonic Shift of EU Energy Policy”, Volodymyr Omelchenko (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
It is well known that German Chancellor Willy Brandt initiated a European policy of deepening energy ties with Moscow 50 […]
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“A Scramble for Gas: Qatari LNG and EU Diversification Plans”, Pier Paolo Raimondi (IAI, Italy)
Amidst a worsening geopolitical and energy crisis in Europe, the EU is scrambling to increase liquefied natural gas (LNG) imports […]
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“Becoming global climate governors: How cities are moving from climate ambition to coordinated action and delivery”, Hannah Abdullah (CIDOB, Barcelona)
Over the past decade, global policy discourses have increasingly recognised city-level action as vital to keeping the 1.5°C goal of […]
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“Climate, Peace and Security: Sudan”, Andrew E. Yaw Tchie et al. (NUPI, Norway)
Sudan is severely exposed to climate change. As one of the world’s least developed countries, extreme weather, recurrent floods and […]
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“The Russia-Ukraine Crisis and Japan’s Energy Dilemma”, Wrenn Yennie Lindgren (NUPI, Norway)
The war in Ukraine is a game changer not only disrupting financial markets and human migration patterns but also the […]
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“Geopolitics of the energy transition: Energy security, new dependencies and critical raw materials. Old wine in new bottles for the EU?”, Álvaro Rangel Hernández (College of Europe, Bruges)
This paper examines the process of the European Union’s energy transition. Although the energy transition would bring winners and losers, […]
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“The CBAM Effect: how the world is responding to the EU’s new climate stick”, Pieter Pauw, Louise van Schaik and Giulia Cretti (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
The EU is currently in the process of legislating for a levy on carbon-heavy imports. The so-called Carbon Border Adjustment […]
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“Playing the Oil Lever: The EU and US together can strip Moscow of its oil revenues”, Alan Riley (CIDOB, Barcelona)
The EU and US has more leverage that first appears to deny or strip Moscow of its oil revenues. And […]
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“A European Green Deal for militaries to strengthen Europe’s defence”, Louise van Schaik and Akash Ramnath (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
This Clingendael policy brief points out six wins for the EU when decarbonising the military. Currently the sector is largely […]
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“Harnessing EU-Kenya renewable energy relations for a bright future”, Akash Ramnath, Louise van Schaik and Douwe van der Meer (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
Unlike many of its neighbours, Kenya is progressing towards universal electrification from 100% renewable sources as set out by the […]
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“The Arctic, a new front for great power conflict?”, Berk Vindevogel (Egmont, Belgium)
Since 2014, public debate in Europe has focused almost exclusively on what Russia would do on its western flank and […]
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“Grappling with and Adapting to Climate Change in South Sudan”, Andrew E. Yaw Tchie, Anne Funnemark and Katongo Seyuba (NUPI, Norway)
Almost a decade since the conflict in South Sudan commenced, the conflict has become further fragmented, with indiscriminate violence across […]
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“Ecological Culture”, Pierre Charbonnier (Sciences Po CEE, France)
The book aims to bring to the attention of as many people as possible the debates that organize the ecological […]
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“New Dynamics of Great-Power Energy Politics in South-Eastern Europe: The EU versus the US and Russia?”, András Deák, John Szabo and Csaba Weiner (IWE CERS, Hungary)
South-Eastern European (SEE) countries are typically keen to maintain the status quo in their energy systems, generally characterized by underinvestment, […]
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“Green Deal Watch, No. 6”, Margherita Bianchi and Lorenzo Colantoni (IAI, Italy)
This Green Deal Watch presents a general analytical foreword, followed by the in-depth monitoring of Green Deal activities, divided according […]
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“Energy, Climate Change and Security: The Russian Strategic Conundrum”, Jakub Godzimirski (NUPI, Norway)
Global and regional energy markets are increasingly influenced by policies aimed at climate change mitigation, with possible grave implications for […]
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“Norwegian Gas in Europe in the 2020s”, Jakub Godzimirski (NUPI, Norway)
This chapter examines the factors that will influence the position of the Norwegian gas on the market in the 2020’s. […]
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“Local and Global Aspects of Coal in the ASEAN Countries”, Indra Øverland et al. (NUPI, Norway)
By 2020, coal mining and power generation had been growing in Southeast Asia for decades and were projected to rise […]
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“Fossil Fuels in Central Asia: Trends and Energy Transition Risks”, Indra Øverland, Galina Kolodzinskaia and Aidai Isataeva (NUPI, Norway)
This data article provides an overview of fossil fuel trends in Central Asia from 2010 to 2019. Data on the […]
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“Transparency in multilateral climate governance: Ranking countries by the Climate Transparency Adherence Index”, Romain Weikmans and Antto Vihma (FIIA, Finland)
Reporting and review arrangements are often portrayed as vital for keeping countries informed about each other’s climate intentions and actions. […]
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“Global Gateway: Positioning Europe for a sustainable future”, Maaike Okano-Heijmans (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
On December 1, 2021, the European Commission unveiled its Global Gateway strategy, which aims to mobilize €300 billion in investments around […]
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“Italy in the International Hydrogen Economy”, Marco Giuli (IAI, Italy)
After many false starts, hydrogen is gaining new traction as a prospective key contributor to deep decarbonisation. As an international […]
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“From Glasgow to Sharm El-Sheikh (COP27): How to raise climate ambition”, Didac Amat and Pol Bargués (CIDOB, Barcelona)
The history of climate politics is the history of an eternal trade-off: the more ambitious the mitigation goals of an […]
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“Turning EU green energy diplomacy into reality”, Louise van Schaik, Giulia Cretti and Akash Ramnath (Clingendael Institute (The Netherlands)
In Spring 2022, the European Commission will present its International Energy Engagement strategy, which will undoubtedly reflect that the European […]
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“A Healthier and More Sustainable Global Food System: What is at Stake for the EU?”, Marta Antonelli (IAI, Italy)
Fixing the global food system is arguably the most powerful leverage to nurture the world’s population while keeping human activity […]
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“What if the Helsinki spirit was revived by climate change?”, Vadim Kononenko (Egmont, Belgium)
In the context of the current Russia-West crisis, there are increasing calls for a new kind of agreement, which should […]
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“The future of the Arctic region: what is at stake for Belgium?”, Alexander Mattelaer, Frank Arnauts and Marie-Anne Coninsx (Egmont, Belgium)
The Arctic region is undergoing dramatic changes with multiple implications for the region and well-beyond, with profound geo-economic and geopolitical […]
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“A Just Transition In The European Automotive Sector: A CEE Angle”, John Szabo (IWE CERS, Hungary)
In-light of the increasingly dire warnings issued by the IPCC, it has become clear to many that there is a […]
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“Electric vehicle revolution: positions of the Japanese automotive suppliers in Central Europe”, Gábor Túry (IWE CERS, Hungary)
Industry trends in recent years have confirmed that the production of electric vehicles in Europe will expand at an unprecedented […]
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“Overview of the Electricity Market in Ukraine in Q3 and Q4 2021”, Svitlana Chekunova (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
There were very few improvements in the electricity market in Q3 and Q4 2021. It is still subject to restrictions […]
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“Towards a just urban transition in Europe: The case of post-pandemic city centre recovery”, Eva Garcia Chueca (CIDOB, Barcelona)
This CIDOB Briefing showcases the main policy interventions adopted in seven European cities (Amsterdam, Barcelona, Florence, Ghent, Nantes, Ljubljana and […]
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“Energy Governance in Slovenia”, Danijel Crnčec (CIR, Slovenia)
The chapter examines the governance of energy policy in Slovenia, focusing on renewable energy, nuclear energy, and the coal phaseout […]
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“After COP26: What it takes to avert the climate crisis”, Claudia Kemfert (IEP, Germany)
There were hopes that world leaders would take decisive action at the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP26) in Glasgow […]
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“The geopolitics of the energy transition: Global issues and European policies driving the development of renewable energy”, Marco Siddi (FIIA, Finland)
Fighting climate change makes a green energy transition imperative. The transition will have significant geopolitical consequences, notably a shift of […]
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“Handbook on Electricity Markets”, Jean-Michel Glachant (RSCAS-EUI, Italy)
This volume represents the most detailed and comprehensive Handbook on electricity markets ever published. Read more here.
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“Funding flows for climate change research on Africa: Where do they come from and where do they go?”, Haakon Fossum Sagbakken et al. (NUPI, Norway)
Africa has only contributed a small fraction of global greenhouse gas emissions yet faces disproportionate risks from climate change. This […]
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“Escalating rivalry between Algeria and Morocco closes the Maghreb-Europe pipeline”, Francis Ghilès (CIDOB, Barcelona)
A 1,600-kilometre pipeline which lies empty is an unusual sight. All the more so when it links two continents (Africa […]
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“Bridging Green and Digital Agendas in Cities to Drive More Ambitious and Inclusive Transitions”, Hannah Abdullah (CIDOB, Barcelona)
Digitalisation and climate change are two closely interlinked transitions. However, although the so-called “twin transitions” have moved to the centre […]
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“Funding flows for climate change research on Africa: Where do they come from and where do they go?”, Haakon Fossum Sagbakken, Roman Vakulchuk, Aidai Isataeva and Galina Kolodzinskaia, Nicholas Philip Simpson and Christopher Trisos (NUPI, Norway)
Africa has only contributed a small fraction of global greenhouse gas emissions yet faces disproportionate risks from climate change. This […]
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“Climate Resilience in Cities of the EU’s Southern Neighbourhood. Opportunities for the EU Green Deal”, Hannah Abdullah, Karim Elgendy and Hanne Knaepen (CIDOB, Barcelona)
Cities in the Middle East and North Africa are already suffering the effects of climate change. Weak urban regulation, ineffective […]
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“Energy transition or transformation? Power and politics in the European natural gas industry’s trasformismo”, John Szabó (IWE CERS, Hungary)
This paper explores how established natural gas interests responded to climate action in the European Union. Climate policy was initially […]
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“City-to-city cooperation for more democratic and inclusive food systems: What has been achieved and what remains to be done?”, Roberta Sonnino (CIDOB, Barcelona)
It is estimated that 80% of all food will be consumed in urban areas by 2050. As a result, cities […]
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“Climate change and Finnish comprehensive security: Insights into enhanced preparedness”, Emma Hakala, Kati Berninger, Sanna Erkamo, Juha Pyykönen, Heikki Tuomenvirta, Oras Tynkkynen and Antto Vihma (FIIA, Finland)
Climate change is already threatening the security and stability of societies in various ways, and the impacts will only be […]
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“Vietnam’s solar and wind power success: Policy implications for the other ASEAN countries”, Thang Nam Do, Paul J. Bruke, Hoang Nam Nguyen, Indra Overland, Beni Suryadi, Akbar Swandaru and Zulfikar Yurnaidi (NUPI, Norway)
This study analyzes the factors that have facilitated Vietnam’s recent rapid solar and wind power expansion and draws policy insights […]
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“Europe could face strategic shrinkage”, Francis Ghilès (CIDOB, Barcelona)
An intelligent conversation on energy is essential in the European Union. The EU faces the risk of depending on the […]
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“Climate justice at COP26 in Glasgow: Between disappointment and tentative hope”, Hannah Abdullah (CIDOB, Barcelona)
The issue of climate justice took centre stage in Glasgow, both inside negotiating rooms and on the streets. However, with […]
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“Affluence and Freedom: An Environmental History of Political Ideas”, Pierre Charbonnier (Sciences Po CEE, France)
In this pathbreaking book, Pierre Charbonnier opens up a new intellectual terrain: an environmental history of political ideas. His aim […]
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“Engaging Brazil in the era of climate action: Can Europe and the United States devise a new globalisation?”, Lauri Tähtinen (FIIA, Finland)
Increased deforestation in the Amazon is the outcome of Brazil’s long political crisis. What started in 2013 with a bus […]
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“Green Deal Watch, No. 5”, Margherita Bianchi, Lorenzo Colantoni (IAI, Italy)
This Green Deal Watch presents a general analytical foreword, followed by the in-depth monitoring of Green Deal activities, divided according […]
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“Ecosystemic politics: Analyzing the consequences of speaking for adjacent nature on the global stage”, Elana Wilson Rowe (NUPI, Norway)
This article introduces a conceptual framework for analysing and comparing the broader or unintended effects of cooperation anchored in border-crossing […]
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“Improving the Wholesale Electricity Market Model in Ukraine”, Svitlana Chekunova (Razumkov Centre, Ukraine)
It is two year’s time since the beginning of the market operation (1 July 2019), yet the model retains administrative […]
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“Climate Change and Sustainability: Mediterranean Perspectives”, Andrea Dessì, Daniele Fattibene and Flavia Fusco (IAI, Italy)
This volume examines the challenges and interlinkages between climate change and sustainable development across the Mediterranean, where the climate crisis […]
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“Fit for 55: Dead on the debate floor”, Marc Ibáñez Díaz (CIDOB, Barcelona)
Achieving a 55% reduction in emissions by 2030 is the goal of the European Union’s “Fit for 55 package”. The […]
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“Europe’s Transition to Sustainability: Actors, Approaches and Policies”, Rosa Fernandez, Jonas J. Schoenefeld, Thomas Hoerber and Sebastian Oberthür (IAI, Italy)
In 2019, the European Commission launched the European Green Deal (EGD) as a strategic framework for policy development to achieve […]
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“Urban Mobility after COVID-19: long-term strategies for the sustainable mobility transition in European cities”, Hannah Abdullah and Eloi Serrano Robles (CIDOB, Barcelona)
This volume explores how cities across Europe can develop more robust and socially just long-term mobility plans, enabling them to […]
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“EU Open Strategic Autonomy in a Post-COVID World: An Italian Perspective on the Sustainability of Global Value Chains”, Fabrizio Botti, Cristina Castelli and Giulio Giangaspero (IAI, Italy)
The new EU trade strategy focusing on supply chains resilience and sustainability as a pillar of the European path towards […]
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“The journey to net zero: 12 perspectives from the frontline of the energy transition in Europe”, Joana Freitas, Jessica Dabrowski and Samuel Silva (RSCAS-EUI, Italy)
This e-book shares 12 fresh perspectives, based on interviews recorded between 2019 and 2021 for the FSR’s Net Zero Podcast, […]
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“Cross-Sectoral Cooperation for Sustainable Futures”, Jana Arbeiter and Maja Bučar (CIR, Slovenia)
In this advocacy piece, the authors discuss the importance of cross-sectoral cooperation for strengthening the coherence and collaboration, as well […]
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“The climate and energy transition component of the Spanish National Recovery and Resilience Plan”, Enrique Feas and Federico Steinberg (Elcano, Spain)
This paper analyses in detail the climate and energy transition components of the Spanish National Resilience and Recovery Programme. Over […]
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