In 2020, Turkmen citizens abroad staged a record number of peaceful demonstrations demanding socio-economic and political reforms. This study analyzes […]
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Category: Publications
“My European President: Ursula von der Leyen”, Nathalie Tocci (IAI, Italy)
Ursula von der Leyen is quintessentially European. Born in Belgium, the daughter of one of the first European civil servants, […]
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“Made in Ukraine: The EU’s Emerging Real(ist) Power”, Andriy Tyushka (College of Europe, Natolin)
This op-ed article looks into the early signs of the EU’s opening to using ‘hard power’ as part of its […]
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“A European Defence Summit in May 2022: From Compass to Capabilities”, Sven Biscop (Egmont, Belgium)
By launching a war against Ukraine, right on the borders of the European Union, Russia has unleashed the strongest push […]
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“What role for the EU in the world? Towards EU leadership based on values”, Stef Borgers and Raphaël Kokkelmans (College of Europe, Bruges)
In October 2021, the Belgian Ministry of Foreign Affairs launched a national consultation process on the role the EU should […]
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“The CBAM Effect: how the world is responding to the EU’s new climate stick”, Pieter Pauw, Louise van Schaik and Giulia Cretti (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
The EU is currently in the process of legislating for a levy on carbon-heavy imports. The so-called Carbon Border Adjustment […]
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“Differentiated integration in MERCOSUR: Risks and opportunities for the association with the European Union”, Anna Ayuso (CIDOB, Barcelona)
This article addresses how MERCOSUR has overcome tensions within the integration process over more than three decades. It applies the […]
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“Playing the Oil Lever: The EU and US together can strip Moscow of its oil revenues”, Alan Riley (CIDOB, Barcelona)
The EU and US has more leverage that first appears to deny or strip Moscow of its oil revenues. And […]
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“A European Green Deal for militaries to strengthen Europe’s defence”, Louise van Schaik and Akash Ramnath (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
This Clingendael policy brief points out six wins for the EU when decarbonising the military. Currently the sector is largely […]
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“From Russia With Love: Brussels At The Center Of Foreign Intelligence Activities”, Tom Van Rentergem (Egmont, Belgium)
The time has come for Belgium to significantly strengthen its counterintelligence capabilities, as the Russian war against Ukraine will challenge […]
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“Women and children first: quality socio-economic investment”, Bruno Palier and Clément Carbonnier (Sciences Po CEE, France)
Our social protection system, designed at the end of the Second World War, does not know how to protect the […]
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WATCH: “EU Membership Applications for Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova” | EuropeChats Episode 11 | Discussion with Richard Youngs
In the first half of 2022, the European Union finds itself at a crossroads. Two years of a global pandemic […]
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“Europe Day and the Future of the EU and its Three Imperilled Neighbours”, Tinatin Akhvlediani
“World peace cannot be safeguarded without the making of creativeefforts proportionate to the dangers which threaten it.”– Robert Schuman, 9 […]
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WATCH: “EU-Russia Relations: What is Slovakia’s Position?”, May 11 (IESIR, Slovakia)
“Slovakia stands for obligations to the EU and supports the Ukrainian people and sovereignty of the country in the fight […]
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“The West, Baltics and Russia since the Aggression against Ukraine”, May 12 (LIIA, Latvia)
Since the start of Russia’s war of aggression in Ukraine, European states have been engaged in a struggle to provide […]
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“When Do Individuals Radicalize?”, Rik Coolsaet (Egmont, Belgium)
For more than a century now, observers have been trying to understand why and how individuals become terrorists. Every time […]
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“Harnessing EU-Kenya renewable energy relations for a bright future”, Akash Ramnath, Louise van Schaik and Douwe van der Meer (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
Unlike many of its neighbours, Kenya is progressing towards universal electrification from 100% renewable sources as set out by the […]
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“A Brussels Declaration for an Ever Closer Union”, Jo Coelmont (Egmont, Belgium)
What is valuable, is vulnerable. So it is for peace, democracy, and the ability to lead the good life. They […]
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“Protecting Civilians from Those Who Should Protect Them”, Delina Goxho (Egmont, Belgium)
As violent attacks targeting civilians in the Sahel region of West Africa are mounting, allegations of abuses perpetrated by Sahelian […]
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“Why this refugee crisis is different”, Blanca Garcés Mascareñas (CIDOB, Barcelona)
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has caused one of the fastest exoduses since World War II. In three weeks, over three […]
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“The Arctic, a new front for great power conflict?”, Berk Vindevogel (Egmont, Belgium)
Since 2014, public debate in Europe has focused almost exclusively on what Russia would do on its western flank and […]
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“Investors beware: Europe’s top firms are highly exposed to China”, Ties Dams and Xiaoxue Martin (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
Europe’s top firms are highly exposed to China, and therefore to China-related geopolitical risk. This risk is only set to […]
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“A Joined-Up Union, a Stronger Europe: A Conceptual Framework to Investigate EU Foreign and Security Policy in a Complex and Contested World”, Riccardo Alcaro, Pol Bargués and Hylke Dijkstra (CIDOB, Barcelona)
Fractious domestic debates, the fragmentation of regional politics and growing interstate competition all affect the capacity of the EU to […]
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“Grappling with and Adapting to Climate Change in South Sudan”, Andrew E. Yaw Tchie, Anne Funnemark and Katongo Seyuba (NUPI, Norway)
Almost a decade since the conflict in South Sudan commenced, the conflict has become further fragmented, with indiscriminate violence across […]
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“Who’s Been Making “African Solutions”? Mapping Membership Patterns in the African Union’s Peace and Security Council”, Nina Wilén and Paul D. Williams (Egmont, Belgium)
This year marks the 20th anniversary since the establishment of the Peace and Security Council (PSC) of the African Union, […]
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“Forging European Unity on China. The Case of Hungarian Dissent”, Ties Dams (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
EU Member states can be divided on China, even on issues such as human rights. Often singled out as an […]
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“War and Peace in the 21st Century: A New Era of Geopolitics in Europe”, Pol Morillas and Francesca Leso (CIDOB, Barcelona)
“A New Era of Geopolitics in Europe: How Can the EU Secure a New Peace in Ukraine?” was the subject […]
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“The Moral Failure of Elites”, Pierre Lascoumes (Sciences Po CEE, France)
The small world of elites seems to be full of “black sheep”, politicians and business leaders who are not afraid […]
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“Adaptive Mediation and Conflict Resolution: Peace-Making in Colombia, Mozambique, the Philippines, and Syria”, Cedric de Coning, Ako Muto and Rui Saraiva (NUPI, Norway)
This open access book introduces adaptive mediation as an alternative approach that enables mediators to go beyond determined-design models of […]
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“Mobilizing Against Russia? Some Reflections on the Security Deadlock Called Ukraine”, Joris Van Bladel (Egmont, Belgium)
No event exists beyond the media. This is also the case with the current Russian-Ukraine war. Daily, we are flooded […]
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“Overcoming EU dividing lines in the Belgrade-Pristina Dialogue”, Wouter Zweers and Myrthe de Boon (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
Last year saw the 10th anniversary of the EU-facilitated Belgrade-Pristina dialogue. While leading to results on technical matters, political normalisation […]
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“Cuba and the European Union: Interregional Cooperation and Global Insertion”, Susanne Gratius and Raynier Pellón Azopardo (CIDOB, Barcelona)
The relationship between Cuba and the EU still is conditioned by asymmetries, the different nature of political and economic systems, […]
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“Ecological Culture”, Pierre Charbonnier (Sciences Po CEE, France)
The book aims to bring to the attention of as many people as possible the debates that organize the ecological […]
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“Making sense of the multilevel governance of migration: city networks facing global mobility challenges”, Tiziana Caponio (RSCAS-EUI, Italy)
This book examines the nexus between City Networks, multilevel governance andmigration policy. Examining several City Networks operating in the European […]
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“The value of diplomatic history in a changing world”, Halvard Leira (NUPI, Norway)
There has never been a better time to read diplomatic history than right now. The topic is covered in broader, […]
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Essay collection on European unification in Central Europe 1989/2004 and beyond (IEP, Germany)
The essay collection reminds and invites us to think about the legacy, aspirations and hopes that were connected to democratization […]
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“France in the Eastern Mediterranean and the MENA region’s geopolitical competition: French grandeur or European sovereignty?”, Toni Alaranta (FIIA, Finland)
The global rivalry between the US and China, as well as geopolitical competition and instability in the EU’s southern neighbourhood, […]
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“The Conference on the Future of Europe: Views from Romanian citizens” (EIR, Romania)
The European Institute of Romania (EIR) announces the publication of the final Report – The Conference on the Future of […]
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“Never waste a crisis: The war on Ukraine as a catalyst in the Balkans”, Ilana Bet-El (Egmont, Belgium)
“The difficulties and the wounds of the past have to be overcome in order to build a better future for […]
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“All eyes on Ankara: A scenario exercise focused on the 2023 elections”, Nienke van Heukelingen (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
Over the years, foreign policy has become a source of tension in the European Union’s relationship with Turkey. Although the […]
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“Slovenia as a Stress Test of the EU’s External Dimension of Energy Policy: Case Studies of Russian and American Influence”, Danijel Crnčec and Ana Bojinović Fenko (CIR, Slovenia)
The article by Assist. Prof. Dr. Danijel Crnčec and Prof. Dr. Ana Bojinović Fenko (both from the Centre of International […]
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“Paradoxes of Russia’s war against Ukraine: Can political science help?”, Yulia Kurnyshova and Andrey Makarychev (CIDOB, Barcelona)
The war against Ukraine launched by Vladimir Putin’s regime on February 24, 2022, from the very beginning raised multiple questions […]
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“The Democratisation of Europe”, Jaap Hoeksma (The Federal Trust, United Kingdom)
In all its atrocity, the Russian invasion of Ukraine may serve to recall that the democratisation of Europe is both […]
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“Contesting COVID: The ideological bases of partisan responses to the COVID-19 pandemic”, Jan Rovny et al. (Sciences Po CEE, France)
How do political parties respond to external shocks? Using an original survey of political parties across Europe conducted in June […]
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“Migration and pandemics: spaces of solidarity and spaces of exception”, Anna Triandafyllidou (RSCAS-EUI, Italy)
This open access book discusses the socio-political context of the COVID-19 crisis and questions the management of the pandemic emergency […]
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“Climate, Peace and Security Fact Sheet: Iraq”, Elisabeth L. Rosvold et al. (NUPI, Norway)
The effects of climate change are felt in several critical sectors in Iraq. A new SIPRI–NUPI fact sheet examines climate-related […]
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“New Dynamics of Great-Power Energy Politics in South-Eastern Europe: The EU versus the US and Russia?”, András Deák, John Szabo and Csaba Weiner (IWE CERS, Hungary)
South-Eastern European (SEE) countries are typically keen to maintain the status quo in their energy systems, generally characterized by underinvestment, […]
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“The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on civic activism in Kazakhstan”, Anna Klimchenko, Viktoriya Nem and Kamila Smagulova (IEP, Berlin)
Civil society is the key driver of social change, yet civil society organizations and citizen activists face constraints in many […]
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“Responding to Russian aggression: Military resolve, geoeconomics, and technological containment”, Edward Hunter Christie (FIIA, Finland)
In response to Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, Western governments have enacted packages of economic sanctions, principally in the […]
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“The Strategic Compass of the European Union. An answer to global challenges”, Mihaela-Adriana Pădureanu, Ana-Maria Andreea Anghelescu and Ionuț-Mircea Marcu (EIR, Romania)
In view of the adoption of the Strategic Compass of the European Union, on 23 March 2022, the European Institute […]
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“A Russia Strategy Must Look South: The Caucasus Impacts Europe through the Eastern Mediterranean”, Bernard Siman (Egmont, Belgium)
In the current Russian war of aggression against Ukraine, NATO and the EU would do well to recall the Boston […]
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“Estonia in the UN Security Council: A History in Three Crises”, Richard Gowan (EFPI, Estonia)
This analysis explores Estonia’s Council term through the lens of three crises: The 2020 Iranian sanctions “snapback” debate, which saw […]
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“A new formula for collaboration: Turkey, the EU & North Africa”, Nienke van Heukelingen et al. (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
Over recent years, relations between Turkey and the European Union (EU) have been difficult and driven more by crisis management […]
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“The Global Gateway”, Martin Fleischer (CIFE)
In December 2021 the European Union unveiled the Global Gateway. The programme focuses on global physical infrastructure needs to promote […]
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“What role should southern Europe play after the pandemic and the war in Ukraine? Towards a shared agenda for EU reform”, Pol Morillas et al. (CIDOB, Barcelona)
As consistent supporters and a joint driving force of deeper European integration over the years, southern European member states today […]
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“European defence beyond institutional boundaries: Improved European defence through flexibility, differentiation and coordination”, Pernille Rieker and Mathilde Giske (NUPI, Norway)
As a response to the changing geopolitical situation, initiatives aimed to strengthen European defence have been taken in NATO, in […]
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“Governing Differentiation and Integration in the European Union: Patterns, Effectiveness and Legitimacy”, Nicoletta Pirozzi and Matteo Bonomi (IAI, Italy)
The Special Issue “Governing Differentiation and Integration in the European Union: Patterns, Effectiveness and Legitimacy”, collects contributions of a group […]
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“Iraq’s state of democracy: A self-perpetuating cycle against reform in favour of the political elite”, Mariette Hägglund (FIIA, Finland)
In addition to Afghanistan, Iraq has been one of the US’s major state-building projects in the 21st century. The recent […]
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“Paving the way for a meaningful EU Year of Youth 2022”, Marcel Muraille (Egmont, Belgium)
As the pandemic eases, the EU has decided to dedicate 2022 to young people. But this opportunity should not aim […]
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“Green Deal Watch, No. 6”, Margherita Bianchi and Lorenzo Colantoni (IAI, Italy)
This Green Deal Watch presents a general analytical foreword, followed by the in-depth monitoring of Green Deal activities, divided according […]
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“The Expanding Nexus between Space and Defence”, Alessandro Marrone and Michele Nones (IAI, Italy)
The strategic character of space has been recognised worldwide already during the Cold War. Space and defence have continued to […]
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“Energy, Climate Change and Security: The Russian Strategic Conundrum”, Jakub Godzimirski (NUPI, Norway)
Global and regional energy markets are increasingly influenced by policies aimed at climate change mitigation, with possible grave implications for […]
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“Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEIs) as a New Form of Differentiation: An Analysis of Their Challenges for the European Single Market”, Andreas Eisl (IAI, Italy)
In support of a more active EU industrial policy, so-called Important Projects of Common European Interest (IPCEIs) have been increasingly […]
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“Norwegian Gas in Europe in the 2020s”, Jakub Godzimirski (NUPI, Norway)
This chapter examines the factors that will influence the position of the Norwegian gas on the market in the 2020’s. […]
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“Differentiated Integration and EU Outsiders: A Norwegian View”, Nina Græger and Kristin Haugevik (IAI, Italy)
A non-EU state and member of the European Economic Area (EEA) since 1994, Norway enjoys a unique legal, political and […]
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“Central Asia is a missing link in analyses of critical materials for the global clean energy transition”, Roman Vakulchuk and Indra Øverland (NUPI, Norway)
The energy transition is causing a surge in demand for minerals for clean energy technologies, giving rise to concerns about […]
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“External Differentiated Integration in Justice and Home Affairs: Participation of the Western Balkan Countries in EU Agencies”, Ivan Damjanovski and Zoran Nechev (IAI, Italy)
Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) policies, and especially migration and border management, have been on the forefront of deepening relations […]
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“Germany’s shifting policy towards Russia: The sudden end of Ostpolitik”, András Rácz (FIIA, Finland)
A reassessment of Germany’s relations with Russia started after the annexation of Crimea in 2014, and was catalyzed by several […]
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“Local and Global Aspects of Coal in the ASEAN Countries”, Indra Øverland et al. (NUPI, Norway)
By 2020, coal mining and power generation had been growing in Southeast Asia for decades and were projected to rise […]
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“An Overview of US-Italian Relations: The Legacy of the Past”, Leopoldo Nuti (IAI, Italy)
At the end of World War II the United States became Italy’s indispensable ally, and throughout the Cold War, US-Italian […]
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“Belarus’s constitutional referendum: Lukashenko has no reason for triumph”, Arkady Moshes and Ryhor Nizhnkau (FIIA, Finland)
Alexander Lukashenko has secured victory in the constitutional referendum that was held to strengthen his power positions. However, repressions undermine […]
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“Fossil Fuels in Central Asia: Trends and Energy Transition Risks”, Indra Øverland, Galina Kolodzinskaia and Aidai Isataeva (NUPI, Norway)
This data article provides an overview of fossil fuel trends in Central Asia from 2010 to 2019. Data on the […]
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“The Potential and Limits of the European Union as a Mediator in the Dialogue Between Serbia and Kosovo”, Vladimir Medović (IAI, Italy)
The dispute between Serbia and Kosovo over the status of the latter has the potential to destabilise other European states, […]
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“After War: the Backlash against Women”, Nina Wilén (Egmont, Belgium)
Many remember Laura Bush’s famous speech in 2001, following the 9/11 attacks and the subsequent war in Afghanistan, about how […]
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“Transparency in multilateral climate governance: Ranking countries by the Climate Transparency Adherence Index”, Romain Weikmans and Antto Vihma (FIIA, Finland)
Reporting and review arrangements are often portrayed as vital for keeping countries informed about each other’s climate intentions and actions. […]
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“Development Assistance and Root Causes of Migration: A Risky Road to Unsustainable Solutions”, Morten Bøås, Patryk Kugiel and Sejla Pehlivanovic (NUPI, Norway)
In the aftermath of the 2015 migration-management crisis, both the European Union and several European states declared that they would […]
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“A Joined-Up Union, a Stronger Europe: a Conceptual Framework to Investigate EU Foreign and Security Policy in a Complex and Contested World”, Riccardo Alcaro, Pol Bargués and Hylke Dijkstra (IAI, Italy)
Fractious domestic debates, the fragmentation of regional politics and growing interstate competition all affect the capacity of the EU to […]
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“Schengen reform and the instrumentalisation of asylum-seekers: New Commission proposals legitimate states’ existing practices”, Saila Heinikoski (FIIA, Finland)
The European Union lacks a consistent asylum and migration policy, which makes it vulnerable to the instrumentalisation of asylum-seekers, most […]
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“The European Maritime Security and Defence Policy Architecture: Implications for Norway”, Marianne Riddervold and Ruxandra-Laura Bosilca (NUPI, Norway)
Maritime security is high on the international and European security agenda, hence a number of new initiatives and actions have […]
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“The Draghi Government and Italy’s International Role: Summary Report on Italian Foreign Policy in 2021”, Giulia Gozzini and Akram Ezzamouri (IAI, Italy)
This document provides an English summary of the 2021 edition of IAI’s annual report on Italian foreign policy entitled: “Il […]
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“When things fall apart: France’s withdrawal from Mali”, Nina Wilén (Egmont, Belgium)
When things fall apart you usually take a step back to look at what went wrong and to learn from […]
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“Europe Facing Geoeconomics: Assessing Finland’s and the EU’s Risks and Options in the Technological Rivalry”, Mikael Wigell et al. (FIIA, Finland)
The geoeconomic rivalry is accelerating with the world’s major powers using economic instruments to advance strategic agendas. This poses a […]
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“Not so unique after all? Urgency and norms in EU foreign and security policy”, Marianne Riddervold and Pernille Rieker (NUPI, Norway)
The EU Global Strategy puts ‘principled pragmatism’ at the core of EU foreign and security policy. This has also been […]
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“Flexible Defence Cooperation in Europe: FNC, JEF and EI2”, Tuomas Iso-Markku and Tyyne Karjalainen (IAI, Italy)
Defence cooperation between European Union member states has long been characterised by a high level of fragmentation. To manage, and […]
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“Conference on the Future of Europe: a glimpse into the future of participatory democracy?”, Ward Den Dooven (Egmont, Belgium)
The Conference on the Future of Europe had its official start on 9 May 2021 and the process has brought […]
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“Central Bank Digital Currencies and the implications for the global financial infrastructure”, Maria Shagina (FIIA, Finland)
The launch of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) not only revolutionizes the international financial system, it also represents an opportunity […]
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“AUKUS and its implications for Asia, US-European relations and non-proliferation”, Bruno Tertrais (NUPI, Norway)
The political, strategic and technological aspects of the AUKUS deal may be more important than the provision of nuclear-powered submarines. […]
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“Constraints for Engagement with China: Dutch Ports and the BRI”, Vera Kranenburg and Frans-Paul van der Putten (IAI, Italy)
Rising US–China rivalry is shaping and constraining the relations between European states and China. The Netherlands is no exception and […]
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“Migrant Integration governance and outcomes in 25 EU regions: the MIPEX-R comparative analysis”, Francesco Pasetti et al. (CIDOB, Barcelona)
MIPEX-R represents an analytical tool that offers a specific and novel approach to compare regional integration models, identify their strengths […]
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“The EU and Finland’s security of supply: A ‘turn’ in EU thinking provides new opportunities, but significant differences remain”, Tuomas Iso-Markku (FIIA, Finland)
Security of supply, a central concept in Finnish national security thinking, has not yet taken root at the EU level. […]
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“Differentiated Integration and EU Outsiders: A Norwegian View”, Kristin Haugevik and Nina Græger (NUPI, Norway)
Non-EU state and member of the European Economic Area (EEA) since 1994, Norway enjoys a unique legal, political and practical […]
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“The EU’s Global Gateway: Building connectivity as a policy”, Tyyne Karjalainen (FIIA, Finland)
The European Union’s Global Gateway, adopted in December 2021, marks the continuation of efforts by numerous international actors to limit […]
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“Investing in the single market? Core-periphery dynamics and the hybrid governance of supranational investment policies”, Daniel Mertens and Matthias Thiemann (Sciences Po CEE, France)
This article examines the impact of supranational investment policies on the resilience of the common market project and its impact […]
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“Russian Certainty of NATO Hostility: Repercussions in the Arctic”, Julie Wilhelmsen and Anni Roth Hjermann (NUPI, Norway)
How does a security dilemma dynamic between parties deemed not to hold hostile intentions toward each other emerge and escalate? […]
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“Global Gateway: Positioning Europe for a sustainable future”, Maaike Okano-Heijmans (Clingendael Institute, The Netherlands)
On December 1, 2021, the European Commission unveiled its Global Gateway strategy, which aims to mobilize €300 billion in investments around […]
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“Protracted Pandemic Crisis = Risk of Great Collapse for weak states? An opportunity for reassessing EU’s development aid to promote good governance”, Michel-Henry Bouchet (CIFE)
Could the pandemic crisis be the outpost of an unprecedented structural shock on already weak countries? It might then create […]
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“The politics of government reorganization in Western Europe”, Julia Fleischer et al. (Sciences Po CEE, France)
The reorganization of governments is crucial for parties to express their policy preferences once they reach office. Yet these activities […]
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“The political economy of COVID-19 responses in East Central Europe”, Dorothee Bohle, Edgars Eihmanis and Alen Toplišek (RSCAS-EUI, Italy)
The COVID-19 crisis is the second major crisis to have hit the East Central European countries within a decade, putting […]
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“Political science communities challenged by Internationalisation”, Thibaud Boncourt et al. (Sciences Po CEE, France)
The internationalisation of political science is an uneven process. Existing studies have shown that it is characterised by centre-periphery relationships, […]
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“The European Union and the Gulf Cooperation Council: A Troubled Relationship”, Tobias Schumacher (College of Europe, Natolin)
The chapter offers an overview of the practical pursuit of EU–GCC relations in a longitudinal perspective and examines the implementation […]
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