The development and interoperability of military capabilities in Europe has returned to the forefront of contemporary debates about Europe’s strategic autonomy. A multiplication of security challenges and a mutating international security environment are driving this concern, as is the growing uneasiness with Europe’s traditional allies and the acknowledgement of significant shortcomings in EU capabilities and security posture. Air-to-Air Refuelling (AAR), or the airborne refuelling capacity of military aircraft, is a significant case in point given the key role such capabilities play in deterrence and air power projection.
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